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Community policing, or community-oriented policing, is a strategy of policing that focuses on police building ties and working closely with members of the communities. In the United States, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 established the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) within the Justice Department to promote community policing. According to the definition of COPS: ==Defining Community Policing== Community policing is a policy that requires police to inherit a proactive approach to address public safety concerns. This type of policing has been utilized in various cities for about the last 150 years. The first form of community oriented policing is credited to the London Metro Police Department around 1830, as regular patrol areas were assigned to officers, now commonly known as “beats”. Community oriented policing was a cornerstone of the Clinton Administration and gained its funding from the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (Ahlin, Gibbs). According to a survey conducted by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) of more than 2,000 law enforcement agencies that had been using community policing for at least 1 year, 62 percent stated they had less crimes committed against civilians, 80 percent stated that they had reduced the fear of crime, and 99 percent stated that they had received increased cooperation from civilians. The overall assessment of community oriented policing is positive, as officers and community members both attest to its effectiveness in reducing crime and raising the sense of security in a community.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=81 )〕 "Community policing is a philosophy of full service personalized policing, where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems." —Bertus Ferreira〔Bertus, Ferreira. The Use and Effectiveness of Community Policing in a Democracy . Prod. National Institute of Justice. Washington, D.C,, 1996.〕 Community policing is a professional management organization that is structure for the support in the community to create proactive problem solving to address the immediate conditions that give rise to the public safety issues such as crime, social disorder and fear of crime. Community policing has partnerships between law enforcement agency and other organizations like government agencies, community members, nonprofit service providers, private businesses and the media. Government agencies includes probation and parole, public works departments, neighboring law enforcement agencies, health and human services, child support services, ordinance enforcement, and schools. Community members can include partnerships with neighborhood association that has meetings, town hall meetings and storefronts decentralized in the community. Nonprofit organizations includes advocacy of groups like service clubs, support groups, issue groups and community development corporations. These groups work with individuals that have the same interest in the community. Private Businesses have a bigger impact on the community from the health perspective. Private Businesses often identify problems that provide the resources which can include security technology for the community. The media represents a powerful pattern by which it can communicate with the community. The community policing uses the media to assist with publicizing concerns and solutions that will impact the community. The media can have an impact on the fear of crime, crime problems and perceptions of the police in the community. Community policing recognizes that police can’t solve every public safety problem alone so interactive partnerships are involved. The policing uses the public for developing problem solving solutions. The contemporary community policing movement emphasizes changing the role of law enforcement from a static, reactive, incident-driven bureaucracy to a more dynamic, open, quality-oriented partnership with the community.〔Brown, L. and Wycoff, M.D., “Policing Houston: reducing fear and improving services,” ''Crime and Delinquency'', (Jun. 1987): 71-89〕〔Goldstein, H., ''Problem Oriented Policing'', McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, NY, 1990〕 Community policing philosophy emphasizes that police officers work closely with local citizens and community agencies in designing and implementing a variety of crime prevention strategies and problem-solving measures. To accomplish these initiatives, it is crucial that officers feel closely integrated with the majority of citizens and agencies in the community they serve. Typically, this means that officers perceive themselves as sharing important community values, beliefs, and goals. It also implies that officers are confident of community support and involvement in their decisions and actions.〔Ankony, Robert C., "The Impact of Perceived Alienation on Police Officers' Sense of Mastery and Subsequent Motivation for Proactive Enforcement." ''Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,'' vol. 22. no. 2 (1999): 120-32.()〕〔Bobinsky, Robert, “Reflections on community-oriented policing,” ''FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin'', (Mar. 1994): 15-19〕〔Burden, O., “Community policing,” ''National Fraternal Order of Police Journal'', Fall/Winter (1992): 31-35〕〔Mastrofski, Stephen. and Robert Warden, “Law Enforcement in a time of community policing,” ''Criminology'', (Nov. 1995): 539-63〕 Many common elements in community-oriented policing include: °Relying on community-based crime prevention by utilizing civilian education, neighborhood watch, and a variety of other techniques, as opposed to relying solely on police patrols. °Re-structuralizing of patrol from an emergency response based system to emphasizing proactive techniques such as foot patrol. °Increased officer accountability to civilians they are supposed to serve. °Decentralizing the police authority, allowing more discretion amongst lower-ranking officers, and more initiative expected from them.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Community policing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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